Results from a randomised controlled trial involving more than 5,000 participants.

The European Medicines Agency has started a review of high-strength oestradiol creams after EU Court of Justice decision.

The use of vaginal oestradiol shows no such risk however.

Case-control study implicates systemic hormone therapy, but not vaginal estradiol.

British Menopause Society statement on the risks and benefits of HRT before and after a breast cancer diagnosis.

Women with early menopause and surgical menopause should be closely monitored for CHD.

Age at menopause has an inverse dose-response relationship with coronary heart disease risk.

Clinically significant benefit on perceived effect and frequency of symptoms and sleep quality.

Night work has been associated with changes in ovulation and preterm labor.

Long-term study in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis sees few cases.

Early menopause affects approximately 5% of women and is associated with increased risk of non-fatal and fatal CVD and mortality.

No associations with cancer seen, however.

Increased VTE risk observed with oral, but not transdermal, formulations.

No significant increased risk of venous thromboembolism was seen with transdermal products.